You could try Recuva, its made by the same people as CCleaner. I've used it in the past and its done a solid job.
If your computer does backups regularly (should be able to check in settings somewhere) and you might be able to revert to an earlier save on the computer that still had that data. Other than that, I'm not sure. I've had one full wipe of a hard drive and a scare similar to yours. It might be the hard drive itself starting to fail and not being able to detect what it has stored. When the most recent one started to go, it was making clicking noises and repeatedly showing that it wasn't connected (internal hard drive, but still the same concept). Depending on how long you've had it for, it might just be time to get a new one, especially if it does start having problems like this and to ensure any more data doesn't get lost.
Another alternative to hard drives would be cloud storage if you're comfortable with that. Drop box and mega are two viable options.