In the launcher that opens there should be a tab that opens up to a thing that looks like notepad. Go back to the time you were at the server by scrolling up, it's in army time. Look at what it says when things went wrong
Nvm I've been toldit only appears if you crash. There might be a folder called logs where ever you have Minecraft installed
it's funny because I know what is happening The lightning you were hearing was rain in another chunk, it obviously wasn't raining in your chunk but the rain was close enough that you could hear the lightning. The static you heard was maybe your computer or something else happening in your house. The black item in your inventory was most likely a glitch. If you notice in the background on your screen it is night time, most likely your inventory not updating, so that black dot popped up in your inventory. Like a baws
it was clear, it wasnt raining in Minecraft, If it was, it be raining in the biome i was in which was an extreme hills.